Mercury: A toxic poison Essay -- Chemistry Metal Papers

Mercury: A toxic poison No other metal better illustrates the diversity of effects caused by different chemical species than does mercury. On the basis of chemical speciation, there are three forms of mercury: elemental, inorganic, and organic compounds. The major source of mercury is the natural degassing of the earth's crust, including land areas, rivers, and the ocean, and this source is estimated to produce on the order of 2700 to 6000 tons per year. The total man made release into the atmosphere is about 2000 to 3000 tons, and it is difficult to assess what quantities of mercury come from human activities and what quantities from natural resources. Run-off into natural bodies of water may contain mercury from both anthropogenic and natural sources, so it is difficult to assess how much released into the atmosphere is from man made or natural sources. Nevertheless, mining, smelting, and industrial discharge have been factors in the environmental contamination in the past. For instance, it is estimated that loss in water effluent from chloralkali plants, one of the largest users of mercury, has been reduced to 99% in recent years. Industrial activities not directly employing mercury or mercury products give rise t o substantial quantities of this metal. Fossil fuel may contain as much as 1 ppm of mercury, and it is estimated that about 5000 tons of mercury per year may be emitted from burning coal, natural gas, and from the refining of petroleum products. Calculations based on the mercury content of the Greenland ice cap show an increase from the year 1900 to the present and suggest that the increment is related both to an increase in background levels of mercury in rainwater and to man made r... ...lbut, K.M., FASEB 1992, 6, 2472-2476. 19.Boyd, N.D., Benediktsson, H., Hooper, D.E., Vimy, M.J., American J. Physiology 1991, 261, R1010-R1014. 20.Molin, M. Bergman, B., Marklund, S.L., Schutz, A. Acta Odontol. Scand., 1990, 48, 89-202. 21.Summers, A.O., Wireman, J., Marshall, B., Antimicrob. Agents & Chemotheraoy, 1993, 37, 825-834. 22.Gilbert, M.P. and Summers, A.O., Plasmid, 1988, 20: 127-136. 23.Intercontinental Medical Statistics, Canada, 1992. 24.Cohen, M.L., Science, 1992, 257, 1050-1055. 25.Thompson, C.M., Markesbery, W.R., Ehmann, W.D., Vance D.E., Nerotoxicology, 1988, 9, 1-7. 26.Palkiewicz, P., Zwiers, H., Nuerochem. 1994, 62, 2049-2052. 27.Lundstrom, I.M.C., Int. J. Oral Surgery, 1983, 12, 1-9. 28.Austrian Minister of health, Austria to be amalgam free by the year 2000. FDI Dental World, March/April, 1993, page 6.

Introduction to Philosophy Essay

Abstract â€Å"It is very tempting for people not to think, to remain submerged in reality rather than aware of it, to be carried along by the current of events rather than creating their destiny through thoughtful, independent choices† (Chaffee, 2013). In this paper, the importance of philosophy is discussed in practical terms. Why is it important? What purpose does it serve and what reasons do people have for pursuing an education in it? How can this affect my life? The major branches of philosophy, which are Metaphysics, Epistemology, Ethics, Political & Social, Aesthetics and  Logic, are also discussed along with the contributing questions specific to each branch and what each branch focuses on. Philosophical Areas 3 Philosophical Areas of Inquiry, Personal Relations and Application As stated by Cicero (n. d. ), â€Å"Rightly defined, philosophy is simply the love of wisdom. † â€Å"The actual word philosophy is Greek in origin, and it is the composite of two Greek roots: philein, a Greek word for ‘love,’ and sophia, the Greek word for ‘wisdom. ’ Taken together, they mean ‘the love or pursuit of wisdom’† (Chaffee, 2013). There are so many reasons one would  want to study philosophy, and considering that we are all different, our reasons vary. â€Å"Philosophy means liberation from the two dimensions of routine, soaring above the well known, seeing it in new perspectives, arousing wonder and the wish to fly† (Walter Kaufmann, n. d. ). Studying philosophy is a life-changing experience. It is impossible to â€Å"unlearn† something once you have discovered it, so upon your mind being awakened, it cannot go back to sleep. This grants you the gift of having a new, more complete perspective of the world around you and of life in general. People are naturally inquisitive creatures. This is one of our biggest assets, as well as our biggest downfalls. Philosophy teaches you to think critically about important issues. This is something that takes time, effort and practice. Thinking critically isn’t necessarily easy, but the benefits are plentiful. The purpose of philosophy is to ask questions that â€Å"penetrate the surface of life to confront the deeper currents lying beneath† (Chaffee, 2013, p. 4). Due to there being so many different categories of philosophical questions to be answered and studied, there are several  branches of philosophy with questions specific to them and certain methodologies used in search of answers. These branches are Metaphysics, Epistemology, Ethics, Political & Social, Aesthetics and Logic. Metaphysics Metaphysics is â€Å"the study of the ultimate characteristics of reality or existence† (Chaffee, 2013, p. 31). Bertrand Russell defines metaphysical philosophy as such, â€Å"Metaphysics, or the Philosophical Areas 4 attempt to conceive the world as a whole by means of thought, has been developed from the first by the union and conflict of two very different impulses, the one urging men towards mysticism,  the other urging them toward science. † Some of the major questions asked in this area of inquiry are, â€Å"What is the nature of reality? †, â€Å"What is the nature of self? †, â€Å"How are the mind and body related to each other? †, â€Å"Do we have personal freedom or are our choices limited? †, â€Å"What are the arguments for and against the existence of God? †, â€Å"Is there life after death? † and â€Å"Does life have meaning? † The methodology used in Metaphysics has expanded so much over the years since Aristotle. One method used for answering questions such as these â€Å"emphasizes the continuity of metaphysics with science. On this conception, metaphysics is primarily or exclusively concerned with developing generalizations from our best-confirmed scientific theories† (â€Å"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy†, 2014). Because of the difficulty answering some of these questions, some believe Metaphysics to be â€Å"impossible. † There is no current way to label a metaphysical statement either true or false, and therefore â€Å"impossible to find out what they are† (â€Å"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy†, 2014). Citations Chaffee, J. (2013). The Philosopher’s Way: Thinking Critically About Profound Ideas (4th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (2014). Retrieved from http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/metaphysics/ Epistemology Epistemology is the study of knowledge. This identifies and develops criteria, as well as methodologies, for what we know and why we know it (Chaffee, 2013, p. 31). Some questions asked regarded epistemology are, â€Å"What is truth? †, â€Å"Can we ever really know anything? †, â€Å"What Philosophical Areas 5 are the sources of knowledge? †, â€Å"What is the relation between truth and knowledge? † and â€Å"How can you increase your wisdom? † This, â€Å"Defined narrowly†¦is the study of knowledge and justified belief,† according to the â€Å"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2014) or SEP. Now, this being said, there are sources of knowledge and justification in epistemology. These sources include perception, introspection, memory, reason and testimony. The limits to this branch of philosophy are skepticism, closure, relevant alternatives, denial, and moorean, contextualist & ambiguity responses (â€Å"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy†, 2014). Citations Chaffee, J. (2013). The Philosopher’s Way: Thinking Critically About Profound Ideas (4thed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (2014). Retrieved from http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/metaphysics/ Ethics Ethics is the study of moral values and principles. Questions regarding ethics are things such as, â€Å"How should we treat other people? †, â€Å"Is there a ‘good life’ for humans? †, â€Å"What is the relation between moral values and religion? † and â€Å"How do we decide on the moral rightness of social issues? † (Chaffee, 2013, p. 31). Everyday ethical concerns in life can include any topic  from capital punishment, euthanasia, lying, human rights, abortion, animal testing, cloning, slavery and pornography, among several others. The purpose of having and studying ethics is a way for people to ensure that the decisions made are following a preset ethical code or guideline. â€Å"Creating yourself to be a wise and knowledgeable person entails developing an enlightened moral compass that will guide your decisions. People typically rely on what they ‘feel’ is right Philosophical Areas 6 when faced with challenging moral dilemmas. The but we ‘feel’ is an unreliable moral guide†(Chaffee, 2013, p. 35). Citations Chaffee, J. (2013). The Philosopher’s Way: Thinking Critically About Profound Ideas (4th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Political & Social Political and social philosophy is â€Å"the study of social values and political forms of government† (Chaffee, 2013, p. 31). â€Å"What is the nature of justice? † and â€Å"What is the most enlightened government? † are common points of inquiry from a political and social standpoint in philosophy. Political and social philosophy basically takes a look at the various methods people should govern themselves. According to philosopher, Baron D’Holbach, â€Å"Politics must conform to the essence and aims of society, not to the passions of rulers. † This means analyzing the values that the society should be based on, keeping in mind individual rights and justice. Citations Chaffee, J. (2013). The Philosopher’s Way: Thinking Critically About Profound Ideas (4th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Aesthetics Aesthetics studies beauty, taste and art. Two very distinct questions that are specific to this branch are as follows: â€Å"What is the nature of beauty? † and â€Å"What is art? † â€Å"It analyzes efforts to establish standards for beauty in all of its various manifestations. And it explores the nature and purpose of art in human affairs† (Chaffee, 2013, p. 37). Have you ever heard of the saying, â€Å"Beauty is in the eye of the beholder†? Well, this is the branch of philosophy that examines how to identify principles of beauty. Other questions related to this asked in aesthetics are â€Å"Are there Philosophical Areas 7 universal standards of beauty, or are they relative to cultural and individual taste? † and â€Å"Is there one core concept of beauty or many different concepts? † Citations Chaffee, J. (2013). The Philosopher’s Way: Thinking Critically About Profound Ideas (4th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Logic Logic is the branch of philosophy that â€Å"seeks to establish the rules of correct reasoning, clear understanding and valid arguments† (Chaffee, 2013, p. 31). â€Å"What are the logical principles of correct reasoning? † and â€Å"How do people use incorrect reasoning to reach false conclusions? † are questions associated with this branch. In this branch of philosophy, critical thinking is one of the most important skills needed. Citations Chaffee, J.(2013). The Philosopher’s Way: Thinking Critically About Profound Ideas (4th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Thought Development: Philosophy & Culture Religion, philosophy and culture are said to be the three pillars or elements of human reality. How does this tie into thought development? What is the relationship between philosophy and culture? â€Å"†¦compared to the feet with which Man journeys towards his destiny, philosophy could represent the eyes that scrutinize that journey, and culture, the earth on which Man is walking during his concrete pilgrimage†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Panikkar, 2000). Depending on one’s approach to examining this matter, it may be difficult to separate religion from philosophy. For example, with an intercultural approach, it would not be possible, for religion and philosophy would both be dependent upon the culture. The reason that the two are inseparable sometimes is, according to Philosophical Areas 8 Panikkar (2000), â€Å"Philosophy is but the conscious and critical accompaniment of Man’s journeying towards his destiny. This journeying is called religion in many cultures. † Citations Panikkar, R. (2000). Religion, Philosophy & Culture. Retrieved from http://them.polylog. org/1/fpr-en. htm Personal Attachment to Inquiry Philosophical Areas 9 Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that sticks out to me the most and resonates closest to my innermost self. The runner up is metaphysics, because I do find myself questioning and wondering on the meaning of life and things of that nature. However, I have decided a long time ago that the meaning of life is specific to the person. Whatever it is that drives you, motivates you and keeps you pushing forward, that is your meaning; your â€Å"why†. Epistemology fascinates me because of its questions regarding knowledge and truth. Just because we know something, does that make it truth? In the Taoist religion, the journey you embark on is to enlightenment. The purpose of Taoism is to find truth and to see the whole picture, the entire picture, for what it is. Not many make it to such a spiritual level such as that, but that is the reason for working so diligently internally. I have always admired Buddhist and Taoist for these reasons. As far as cultural influence on my decisions goes, I would have to admit that the American culture does not have as much to offer (that I am seeking, at least) as other cultures do. I am proud of my heritage, but my culture is a different story. I feel like I’m searching for something, yet cannot pinpoint what that something is. Hopefully by the end of this course I will have a better outlook and idea of what that thing is. References Chaffee, J. (2013). The Philosopher’s Way: Thinking Critically About Profound Ideas (4th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (2014). Retrieved from http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/metaphysics/ Panikkar, R. (2000). Religion, Philosophy & Culture. Retrieved from http://them. polylog. org/1/fpr-en. htm.   

Free Speech Essay - 2198 Words

When you think about America, the first thing that comes to mind is liberty. Liberty of the government and its citizens is one thing that colonists exceedingly desired during the British oppressive regime. When United States gained independence, the Founding Fathers drafted the Constitution of the Unites States, a document that has been governing our country for more than 200 years. The constitution was drafted accordingly to ensure that people’s opinions were heard. What our Founding Fathers could not foresee is that in our 21st century, The Freedom of Speech not only gives a person such a massive power, but also an opinion even if it is immoral and goes against citizens’ values. Thesis statement The First Amendment is the right that†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, not only hates groups express their opinion tremendously, but also the press tends to over use its power. The issue with the press is that journalists often publish misleading and unverified information about public figures. Thence it gives a bad image for figures such as celebrities or politicians and manipulates the public opinion. For the past century, the Supreme Court has been protecting journalists from being sued on â€Å"libel† and â€Å"slander†. Not only it gives such an enormous power over public opinion to journalists, it makes people question the unfairness of the First Amendment. Transition Paragraph I chose this subject because foremost I am concerned with growing hate in this country. While the United States government advocating for diversity, people still believe that all Muslims are terrorists and gay people are immoral and dangerous as well. We live in civil tolerant society which is necessary for mankinds survival and if we continue to stretch unlimited tolerance to those individuals who are intolerant and immoral, we are simply going to become victims of the aggression of intolerance from these individuals. Moreover, the destruction of another human being is a criminal act and it doesnt matter whether a weapon is used or words. II. BODY Hate Speech #1 On March 10, 2006 it was funeral of MatthewShow MoreRelatedFree Speech Or Freedom Of Speech Essay911 Words   |  4 Pagesof Freedom, basically we are entitled for legal freedom to do whatever we wanted to. However, the freedom of speech has been challenged by many university students and educators recently. In their argument, they believe that free speech has triggered students’ unhappiness and jeopardize campus’ safety. What is the free speech or freedom of speech? According to dictionary, freedom of speech is the right of people to express their opinions publicly without governmental interference, subject to theRead MoreFree Speech Freedom Of Speech1689 Words   |  7 Pagesonce said, â€Å"Without freedom of thought, there can be no such thing as wisdom; and no such thing as public liberty, without freedom of speech.† With this quote in mind, freedom of speech should surely be guaranteed right in a every institution. There are various forms of free spee ch to powerful speeches at a peaceful protest to a girl posting a selfie. Freedom of speech is the key concept that is basis of every human right. This inherent right should be protected and supported in a place where youngRead MoreFree Speech Freedom Of Speech1180 Words   |  5 PagesFree speech shall not incite evil and hatred in this country. 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The freedom of speech gives an individual an opportunity to speak his or her mind and also give his or her opinion, sometimes on veryRead MoreFree Speech Freedom Of Speech1786 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Freedom of speech is a right of every American that is protected under the First Amendment of the United States Constitution. This democratic freedom allows citizens to speak and express themselves freely. Public school teachers and students are also free to express themselves, however they can both be limited by school administration. The goal of this paper is to analyze free speech as defined by the First Amendment and discussed limitations placed on teachers and students by schoolsRead MoreFreedom Of Speech And Free Speech1737 Words   |  7 Pages Freedom of Speech can only go so far before it starts to impede the right of the others, and free speech does not come before other people’s given rights.. According to Steven J. Heyman in the article â€Å"Free Speech Has Limits,† freedom of speech comes tied together with respecting the freedom of other and the rights of other people (par. 4). The author goes on to say that cutting off other peoples rights in the name of free speech can be seen as wrongful and can be faced with consequences (parRead MoreFreedom Of Speech : Free Speech1296 Words   |  6 PagesFreedom Of Speech In 399 B.C, the Greek Philosopher Socrates was persecuted for an early argument promoting free speech. Later on, The Protection of Speech was first introduced when the Magna Carta was signed in 1215, and in 1948, the United Nations stated that free speech is a human right and drafted into the international Declaration of Human rights.The government doesn t have the right to make a law abridging the freedom of speech because Free Speech is a form of democracy and it s a fundamentalRead MoreFree Speech Freedom Of Speech886 Words   |  4 Pagesunlike any other. The issue? Free speech. Protesters from both sides of the the political spectrum are outraged. leftists claiming that free speech is â€Å"being used as a cover for spreading hate in America†, that people like the infamous Yiannopoulos (a conservative political commentator known for making offensive statements and supporting â€Å"white supremacy, transphobia, and misogyny†) are doing harm with their first amendme nt right, while conservatives are claiming free speech is being threatened by theRead MoreThe Rights Of Free Speech1182 Words   |  5 Pagespresence of hate speech against minorities and how to appropriately resolve issues of hate speech without infringing on the rights of free speech that is important for the existence of democracy. The purpose of using this document by Emily Foster is to use the contents of the article to help support their current position on the act of democratic censorship, but wither it be in a way to promote censorship in order to maintain order, or to remove censorship as a way to promote free speech is unclear toRead MoreFree Speech And Hate Speech1000 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween hate and free speech is, and what the first amendment does to control them both. The first amendment states that congress shall make no law that abridges the freedom of speech. But to what extent should language be protected? The rights of one man should reach until they shadow over another’s. Meaning free speech is protected until it violates the rights of another. Hate speech is the line where free speech becomes unconstitutional. The contrast between free speech and hate speech is a heavily

Helping Athletes to Perform Better under Pressure

With it being known that pressure on an athlete to not let their team down increases anxiety, Otten and Barrett (2013) decided to look at which aspect of baseball (pitching or batting) would be most prone to choking. They looked over archives from the Baseball Reference website which includes statistics from the last 109 years. Hitting, pitching, and team-level statistics were all operationally defined and then examined. They found that pitching statistics were significantly correlated from regular season to post season while batting averages showed the smallest bivariate correlation. This could be due to the fact that batting is a more complex skill so the athlete is more critical of it during the high-pressure that exists in the post season. With a preperformance routine before the individual task of hitting, the athlete could decrease overanalyzing of the skill and prevent choking due to pressure. With past research exhibiting that pre-performance routines can improve perform ance and reduce choking during high-pressure situations such as post season games, Balk, Adriaanse, de Ridder and Evers (2013) sought out how emotion regulation could be a major factor in the reason why. They looked at the effectiveness of emotion regulation strategies in helping with choking. Experienced golfers self-reported arousal and anxiety during pressurized situations. Two aspects of emotion regulation, reappraisal and distraction, were examined. Reappraisal and distraction wereShow MoreRelatedPsychological Reasoning And Physical Reasoning1478 Words   |  6 Pageswould be over. But what is it about these athletes that makes them so clutch, meaning graceful under pressure or always seeming to make those amazing plays when they are needed the most. Is it just pure luck or is there some type of psychological reasoning behind what these athletes have that others do not? And for those athletes that do not seem to have that grace under pressure, can they be taught it? Many psychologists believe that grace under pressure and the ability to be clutch has everythingRead MoreMy Coaching Philosophy : Becoming A Coach1691 Words   |  7 PagesAs a former high school athlete, I pictured becoming a coach would be an easy task to accomplish. However, becoming a coach requires to have a coaching philosophy representing how and why you coach. Thinking about what my coaching philosophy is became incredibly difficult. Creating my coaching philosophy required a lot of reflection on myself. Determining who I am, my coaching objectives, and coaching styles are all important parts of a coaching philosophy. Some of my personal reasons for coachingRead MoreShould Sports Be Banned?1647 Words   |  7 PagesModern society places too much importance on winning in sports that we blatantly ignore the well being of our young athletes. This has lead many coaches to lose their perspective of what really matters in youth sport, having fun. Coaches have become engulfed in the idea of producing champions that they push kids too far beyond their physical and mental capabilities, eventually burning them out. If coaches are looking for results from their players, they should take the time to understand whatRead MoreTaking a Look at Sports Psychology1561 Words   |  6 Pagesthat athlete might end up doing the unthinkable. With three seconds left in the game, a basketball player might take the three-point shot and win the game, even though they have never been able to make that shot before. These types of scenario tend to happen all the time. Psychology, or the mental game in sports, is so important it can completely change the outcome of the game. Sports Psychology has become more and more influential in understanding how to play the game. Serious athletes are nowRead MorePhysical And Outside Influence On Athlete Success1662 Words   |  7 Pagesaspects that should be taken into account when determining what makes an athlete successful. One could argue that natural ability is one of the determining factors which leads to success. For example, if an athlete has dreams of playing in the NBA then height makes a difference. There aren’t many successful players in the league under six feet tall. One could argue that level of competition plays a role in the development of an athlete. This could include the skill level of the opponent or outside factorsRead MoreSport Psychology : Sports Psychology1599 Words   |  7 Pagesstarted out in 1925 as a preparation tactic for athletes before an important event to increase chances of success (Joyce, 2008). In the world today sports psychology is increasingly being used in sports but also manipulated into research to use in organizational groups. Athletes are always looking for the next way to win, even if it is by the smallest of margins, however, competition may be fierce and very competitive this is the drive that athletes need to compete at the highest level. This metaphorRead MorePerformance Enhancing Drugs For Sports1227 Words   |  5 Pagesmore players were to use performance enhancing drugs they would be able to compete to the performance of past players. A performance   enhance drug is any drug used by athletes to heighten their abilities in the performance of their sport. But could P.E.D actually help that person get better in their sport? Quite a few famous athletes have used performance enhancing drugs to improve there game.   Kenneth Jost states â€Å" Homerun hitter Mark ‘McGwire ended his career in 2001 with 583 home runs, a recordRead MorePhysical Therapy And Mental Therapy1603 Words   |  7 Pagesmobility. Physical therapists â€Å"determines the patient’s goals; evaluates patients and implements treatment programs; teaches patients to use prosthetic devices; and provides instruction to patients to continue the recovery when they are no longer under the direct care of the physical therapist† (Blaser). Physical therapists are there as a guide to getting patients healthy again and back to doing activities they were doing before surgery or their injury. Physical therapist set goals that can be achievedRead MoreFair Play Means Using Sport to Make a Better World1612 Words   |  7 Pagesto make a better world. To be successful in sport, you need to have the right attitude. Honesty, dignity, fair play, respect, teamwork, commitment and courage are essential to lead a memorable sporting performance. All of these indispensible values can be summed up in the term ‘fair play’. Through various sporting events, the values of fair play can be put into practice in order to help make the world a better place. Hence, sport can be powerful by allowing young aspiring athletes to emulateRead MoreEssay on Friday Night Lights by Buzz Bissinger907 Words   |  4 Pagesmatters. Football players are put under a tremendous amount of pressure, almost enough to be considered unfair. Even though football is a â€Å"team sport†, pressure on individual players is unnecessary. Some players have the burden of the team, the city, their family, and their future, resting on their shoulders. These players are put under pressure that is physically and emotionally damaging, not to mention future ruining. Boobie Miles experiences many types of pressure in this novel. Boobie, the player

Compare Atticus and Bob Ewell as single parents Essays

Compare Atticus and Bob Ewell as single parents Atticus and Bob Ewell throughout the novel in ‘To Kill a Mocking Bird’ are completely different characters. They have opposites roles in the way that they live in the community, their behaviour towards other people, but the most predominant is the way in which they raise their children. Atticus has a lot of respect for children; he wants his own children to be educated, and to be brought up in a good world where there is no racism. On the other hand Bob Ewell has no standards for his children, allowing them to play truant, having no basic hygiene or safety rules. Atticus also has a lot of respect for even the youngest of children. This becomes apparent when Atticus went to†¦show more content†¦You look like a picture this evening.† (Chapter 11) Atticus is teaching his children to be polite and if you are nice to people then the favour would be returned, and not to have enemies. That’s why Atticus does not want Scout to be in any more fights, and now she realises this, and stops fighting. That’s why Atticus has never used violence towards Jem or Scout in any way. However his children have been upset with Atticus, for example Atticus, when playing football with Jem, never made any tackles, Jem and Scout saw Atticus as quite boring. This was also amplified because he was a lawyer and worked in an office, whereas their friend’s fathers drove dump trucks, were sheriffs or worked in garages, which appeared more exciting towards the children. Calpurnia plays a big role in the novel, which involves Atticus and his children. As Atticus does not believe in racism, Calpurnia is not just the cook, but she is allowed to take complete care of Jem and Scout. From allowing this Atticus is making Jem and Scout to grow up and to not be racist, and to also respect everybody. When the mad dog appears the children then see Atticus in a different way, they see him use violence, by shooting the mad dog. Atticus didn’t want to shoot it, but he knew that he had the bestShow MoreRelatedPrejudice is simply an inevitable part of history. Ever since the Battle of Hastings in 1066, the800 Words   |  4 Pagesthe truth is this: some Negroes lie, some Negroes are immoral, some Negro men are not to be trusted around women—black or white. But this is a truth that applies to the human race and to no particular race of men. (To Kill a Mockingbird pg 204) Atticus tears apart the deep rooted stereotype of Negroe’s that lies in the minds of Maycomb. One thing that’s changed from 1066 to now, is the education level. As years pass, the amount of educated people increases. It’s no coincidence that the amount ofRead MoreAtticus, Scout, And Jem Finch2314 Words   |  10 PagesThis being said, even though the black people of the county were much more kind and seemed to have more class than many white people, they were still beneath them simply because of the fact that they were black. Atticus, Scout, and Jem Finch are part of this first class, because Atticus is a lawyer, which makes him a highly respected man in the community. They are also white, which is an important factor on deciding who belonged to what social class. Miss Atkinson and Aunt Alexandra are also partRead MoreComparing Themes of To Kill a Mockingbird and A Raisin in the Sun1962 Words   |  8 PagesLorraine Hansberry lived through the civil rights movement and saw the physical and verbal harassment against African Americans. This experience is evident in both works as the theme of fighting prejudice shines through. The goal of this paper is to compare and contrast the theme in both books and how it affected both of the families. Also, throughout the paper I will examine the themes of innocence and fighting prejudice. In order to analyze each section thoroughly, I have divided my paper into

Concept Briefing Free Essays

Abstract This briefing describes collocation of bibliographic records and how it helps to formulate effective search strategies resulting in good information retrieval. Collocation is the cataloging process of bringing together related items, such as titles written by the same author, editions, and versions of the same title, or materials on the same topic. This briefing also provides examples of the value of collocation in maintaining a successful library catalog such as compiling all information on Princess Diana in one record would be an example of collocation. We will write a custom essay sample on Concept Briefing or any similar topic only for you Order Now Use of collocation in bibliographic records can provide vast improvement in information retrieval. Introduction Cataloging is a register of all bibliographic items found in the library. Items can be any kind of entity that is a library based material (book, magazine, audiobook, etc. ). Bibliographic control, cataloging teaches us, encompasses all the activities involved in creating, organizing, managing, and maintaining the file of an entity record. To maintain consistency in multiple matching entities, catalogers use the process of collocation to bring them together. The better the catalog, the higher the credibility a library has with its users. Users’ are more content with fast, accurate and effective retrieval of information. All collections, either physical or virtual, are formed through collocation, the process of bringing together related information (Taylor 1999). It is a useful term because it emphasizes the purpose of collection building and can be applied to the different means used to bring together materials. Collocation is often associated with physical location, such as when materials written by the same author are placed together on shelves in library. A library catalogue also provides collocation by bringing together like materials through a system of records and references. In the electronic age, collocation is associated with virtually grouping materials together, †there is evidence that people writing about the same concept often do not use the same words to express them. (Taylor, 2009, p. 333) Definition According to Arlene Taylor, collocation is â€Å"the bringing together of records and/or information resources that are related in some way (e. g. same author, same work [different titles or different editions], same subjects, etc,). As all cataloged materials have a call number, collocated materials can be assigned a collocation device. â€Å"A number or other designation on an item used to place it next to (ie. , collocate with) other items that are like it. † (Taylor, 2009, p. 449) Purpose and implications The purpose behind cataloging was established in 1876 by Charles Ammi Cutter. They were: (1) to enable a patron to find a book by author, title, or subject; (2) to show what the library has by a given author, on a given subject, or in a given kind of literature; and (3) to assist in the choice of a book as to the edition, or as to its character. Cutter’s objects describe two distinct-functions for the catalog: a finding list function and a collocation (gathering) function. † (Intner, 200 , p. 2) In cataloging, all publications of an author are filed in one place under the heading for the author’s name. Editions of a work are together under the heading for the title. Then, finally, all subjects are gathered under a subject heading. Authority control is the procedure by which consistency would be maintained through these various headings. A library patron could search the records by a name, title, or subject search. Through collocation, all of these searches are brought together. Primary access points also provide a way to collocate all derivations of the work. If the re are several manifestations of a work—a translation, an illustrated version, an audio version—choosing the same primary access point for them means that in most retrieval tools they will be displayed together. † (Taylor, 2006, p. 171) Collocation is an important outcome of the practice of choosing primary access points. â€Å"This access point has proved to be, so far, the only way to collocate all manifestations of a work, including instances when manifestations have different titles, and editions have different authors. † (Taylor, 2009, p. 269) How to cite Concept Briefing, Essay examples

Corporal Punishment Essay Introduction Example For Students

Corporal Punishment Essay Introduction The fundamental need of American education is to find ways of engaging todays children in the thrill of learning. Fear of pain has no place in that process. The Christian Science Monitor. Because Ms. Pena and I are in compliance with this statement, we have decided to bring to the attention of the community, the corporal punishment of Sinton High School. There are many effective ways of properly punishing a disobedient student, but there are also limits to certain disciplinary measures. Grant it that a student from Sinton High School may now choose their own punishment, with consent from the parents, it is up to the administrator to keep in compliance, and with in the limits. Bruises, cuts, and/or broken skin should not occur in the process of administering corporal punishment. The eight constitutional amendment clearly states that no cruel or unusual punishment should be inflicted. If markings are found on a student, the boundaries and law have been broken. Rupturing these boundari es surfaces the question, Just exactly WHY are we administering the corporal punishment to students, to hurt them? the use of corporal punishment in schools is intrinsically related to child maltreatment. It contributes to a climate of violence, it implies that society approves of the physical violation of children, it establishes an unhealthy normIts outright abolition throughout the nation must occur immediately. U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect. It has been made known to the students of Sinton High School, and now to the parents and community, that the administrators of the corporal punishment, Mr. Mike Burger, and Ms. Linda Harrison, have left numerous marks on students through corporal punishment. Many of the marks have lasted at least a week and many up to two. Physical child abuse is defined and characterized by inflicting physical injury by several means, and result in bruises and many other markings. Although the injury is not an accident the person may have not intended to hurt the child. The injury may have resulted from over-discipline or physical punishment. Dennis Randall of www.familyeducation.com once stated, in relation to the corporal punishment he received, When I think back, I cant remember why I was punished, and the only thing it taught me, was to loathe that teacher. How can we teach children that violence is such a horrible thing when if, for say, they do something violent, they will get punished with violence. Then teaching them that violence is Okay as long as its punishment for doing wrong. Mr. Sid Leonard perhaps crystallized this very point by saying The same ones kept coming back for more. It wasnt working. Hitting children did not seem to improve their behavior. It seemed in fact to be reinforcing the very behaviors I was attempting to eliminate. Furthermore, there are many valid arguments against corporal punishment such as: It perpetuates a cycle of child abuse. It teaches children to hit someone smaller and weaker when angry. Schools are the only institutions in America in which striking another person is legally san ctioned. It is not allowed in prisons, in the military or in mental hospitals. Schools that use corporal punishment often have poorer academic achievement, more vandalism, truancy, pupil violence and higher drop out rates. Many alternatives to corporal punishment have proven their worth. Alternatives teach children to be self-disciplined rather than cooperative only because of fear. Injuries occur, such as bruises and broken bones that are not unusual. Childrens deaths have occurred in the U.S. due to school corporal punishment. Number five in that list is the argument most closely related to the situation at Sinton High School. How can you as parents and community leaders stand back and watch your students be subjected to this torture? Texas is ranked among the lowest four in the Kindness to Children Index. Texas is also ranked in the top ten percent of states in the U.S. of students struck by educators in the 1999-2000 school year, and also struck an average of about 73,994 that same year. This year Sinton High School added to that number by allowing corporal punishment back to be administered to the students by the principal and Asst. principal. The Akron Beacon Journal once wrote, In this era of reform, is it too much to expect educators to think of more civilized ways to correct students? There are many more civilized ways, and programs that have proven affective such as, Social Skills Instruction, Character Education Program, Student Recognition Program, Peer Mediation, and Internet Resource: OSEP Technical Assistance Center of Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS). Other alternatives and punishments include, use of discipline codes which are fair and consistently enforced, emphasizing positive behaviors of students, use of school psychologists and school counselors and use of community mental health professionals and agencies. Alternative punishments include in-school and out-of-school suspension programs, expulsion, Saturday Schools, restitution, detention and parent pick-up programs. .u4f0653912e9fdf8d1452cbee7524 8dac , .u4f0653912e9fdf8d1452cbee75248dac .postImageUrl , .u4f0653912e9fdf8d1452cbee75248dac .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4f0653912e9fdf8d1452cbee75248dac , .u4f0653912e9fdf8d1452cbee75248dac:hover , .u4f0653912e9fdf8d1452cbee75248dac:visited , .u4f0653912e9fdf8d1452cbee75248dac:active { border:0!important; } .u4f0653912e9fdf8d1452cbee75248dac .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4f0653912e9fdf8d1452cbee75248dac { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4f0653912e9fdf8d1452cbee75248dac:active , .u4f0653912e9fdf8d1452cbee75248dac:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4f0653912e9fdf8d1452cbee75248dac .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u4f0653912e9fdf8d1452cbee 75248dac .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4f0653912e9fdf8d1452cbee75248dac .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4f0653912e9fdf8d1452cbee75248dac .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4f0653912e9fdf8d1452cbee75248dac:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4f0653912e9fdf8d1452cbee75248dac .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left: 18px; top: 0; } .u4f0653912e 9fdf8d1452cbee75248dac .u4f0653912e9fdf8d1452cbee75248dac-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4f0653912e9fdf8d1452cbee75248dac:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Art of the Tattoo Essay